PD-L1 Expression Scoring: Non-Interchangeable, Non-Interpretable, Neither, or Both

Psychiatry: mindless or brainless, both or neither?

After a period marked by one-sided emphasis on psychodynamics and social issues, or what could be called "brainless" psychiatry on account of its relative neglect of cerebral processes, we are witnessing an opposite trend towards extreme biologism or "mindless" psychiatry. The pendulum has swung periodically from one to the other of these reductionistic positions throughout the history of psych...

Expression of PD-1/PD-L1 and PD-L2 in peripheral T-cells from non-small cell lung cancer patients

Binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) with its ligands (PD-L1/2) transmits a co-inhibitory signal in activated T-cells that promotes T-cell exhaustion, leading to tumor immune evasion. The efficacy of antibodies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 has led to a paradigm shift in lung cancer treatment but the prognostic and predictive value of tumor PD-L1 expression remains controversial. Evaluating PD-1, PD...

Over-Expression of Immunosuppressive Molecules, PD-L1 and PD-L2, in Ulcerative Colitis Patients

PD-L1 biomarker testing for non-small cell lung cancer: truth or fiction?

Research in cancer immunology is currently accelerating following a series of cancer immunotherapy breakthroughs during the last 5 years. Various monoclonal antibodies which block the interaction between checkpoint molecules PD-1 on immune cells and PD-L1 on cancer cells have been used to successfully treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including some durable responses lasting years. Two ...

Significance Test, Confidence Interval, Both or Neither?

It is reasonably well-known that you can usually get a significance test "for free" by constructing a confidence interval around an obtained statistic and seeing whether or not the corresponding hypothesized parameter is "captured" by the interval. If it isn't inside the 95% confidence interval, for example, reject it at the .05 significance level and conclude that the sample finding is statist...